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Cette leçon introduit les tableaux (arrays).

1. Pourquoi manipuler des tableaux de données géoscientifiques ?

  • Complexité des données : les données géoscientifiques sont souvent multidimensionnelles (grilles 3D pour les données sismiques, modèles climatiques 4D avec le temps, par exemple). Les tableaux offrent des moyens efficaces de stocker et de manipuler de telles données.
  • Transformation des données : le prétraitement des données géoscientifiques passe souvent par des transformations comme la normalisation, l’agrégation, le rééchantillonnage et l’extraction de caractéristiques, qui exigent toutes de manipuler des tableaux.
  • Performance : les tableaux fournissent des structures de données optimisées qui rendent les opérations plus rapides et plus économes en mémoire. Cela compte pour les grands jeux de données (imagerie satellitaire, modèles climatiques, par exemple).
  • Entrée des modèles : les modèles d’apprentissage automatique, en particulier en apprentissage profond, exigent souvent des entrées structurées sous forme de tableaux ou de tenseurs.

Panorama des bibliothèques de tableaux

  • Tableaux NumPy : le socle du calcul numérique en Python. Ils offrent les opérations de base sur les tableaux, des fonctions mathématiques efficaces et des outils d’indexation et de découpage.
  • Xarray : conçu pour les données multidimensionnelles étiquetées. Xarray est idéal pour les données géoscientifiques dont chaque dimension porte une étiquette (temps, latitude, longitude, par exemple).
  • Tenseurs PyTorch : une bibliothèque d’abord destinée à l’apprentissage profond. Elle permet des opérations tensorielles accélérées par GPU et devient utile lorsque les problèmes géoscientifiques croisent des tâches d’apprentissage automatique.

À tous les niveaux, nous pratiquerons

  • Matplotlib, le paquet Python qui fournit les fonctionnalités de tracé de base.

🖥️ Diapositives du cours — Séance 06 (lun. 12 oct.)

2. Tableaux NumPy

Les séquences de données peuvent être stockées dans des listes Python. Les listes sont très souples ; des données de type identique peuvent y être ajoutées à la volée.

Les tableaux NumPy sont des objets multidimensionnels de types de données précis (flottants, chaînes de caractères, entiers…). ! Les tableaux NumPy doivent être déclarés au préalable ! Allouer à l’avance la mémoire des données peut économiser du temps de calcul. Les tableaux NumPy supportent les opérations arithmétiques. De nombreux tutoriels existent pour vous aider, par exemple sur Earth Data Science.

# import module
import numpy as np

# define an array of dimension one from.
#this is a list of floats:
a=[0.7 , 0.75, 1.85]
# convert a list to a numpy array
a_nparray = np.array(a)

2.1 Tableaux 1D en NumPy

Les tableaux 1D sont aussi appelés « vecteurs » (vectors). La fonction NumPy arange crée des valeurs régulièrement espacées dans un intervalle donné. Elle est semblable à la fonction Python range.

# create 1D arrays
N=100
x_int = np.arange(N)# this will make a vector of int from 0 to N-1
print(x_int)
[ 0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95
 96 97 98 99]

N = 100 # number of points

# linearly spaced vectors
x_lat = np.linspace(39,50,N)# this will make a vector of floats from min to max values evenly spaced
x_lon = np.linspace(-128,-125,N)# same for longitude
print(x_lat)
print(x_lon)



# logspaced vectors
# 10^(-1) -> 10^(1) => 0.1 - 1
x_tl = np.logspace(-1,1,N)

print(x_tl)
[39.         39.11111111 39.22222222 39.33333333 39.44444444 39.55555556
 39.66666667 39.77777778 39.88888889 40.         40.11111111 40.22222222
 40.33333333 40.44444444 40.55555556 40.66666667 40.77777778 40.88888889
 41.         41.11111111 41.22222222 41.33333333 41.44444444 41.55555556
 41.66666667 41.77777778 41.88888889 42.         42.11111111 42.22222222
 42.33333333 42.44444444 42.55555556 42.66666667 42.77777778 42.88888889
 43.         43.11111111 43.22222222 43.33333333 43.44444444 43.55555556
 43.66666667 43.77777778 43.88888889 44.         44.11111111 44.22222222
 44.33333333 44.44444444 44.55555556 44.66666667 44.77777778 44.88888889
 45.         45.11111111 45.22222222 45.33333333 45.44444444 45.55555556
 45.66666667 45.77777778 45.88888889 46.         46.11111111 46.22222222
 46.33333333 46.44444444 46.55555556 46.66666667 46.77777778 46.88888889
 47.         47.11111111 47.22222222 47.33333333 47.44444444 47.55555556
 47.66666667 47.77777778 47.88888889 48.         48.11111111 48.22222222
 48.33333333 48.44444444 48.55555556 48.66666667 48.77777778 48.88888889
 49.         49.11111111 49.22222222 49.33333333 49.44444444 49.55555556
 49.66666667 49.77777778 49.88888889 50.        ]
[-128.         -127.96969697 -127.93939394 -127.90909091 -127.87878788
 -127.84848485 -127.81818182 -127.78787879 -127.75757576 -127.72727273
 -127.6969697  -127.66666667 -127.63636364 -127.60606061 -127.57575758
 -127.54545455 -127.51515152 -127.48484848 -127.45454545 -127.42424242
 -127.39393939 -127.36363636 -127.33333333 -127.3030303  -127.27272727
 -127.24242424 -127.21212121 -127.18181818 -127.15151515 -127.12121212
 -127.09090909 -127.06060606 -127.03030303 -127.         -126.96969697
 -126.93939394 -126.90909091 -126.87878788 -126.84848485 -126.81818182
 -126.78787879 -126.75757576 -126.72727273 -126.6969697  -126.66666667
 -126.63636364 -126.60606061 -126.57575758 -126.54545455 -126.51515152
 -126.48484848 -126.45454545 -126.42424242 -126.39393939 -126.36363636
 -126.33333333 -126.3030303  -126.27272727 -126.24242424 -126.21212121
 -126.18181818 -126.15151515 -126.12121212 -126.09090909 -126.06060606
 -126.03030303 -126.         -125.96969697 -125.93939394 -125.90909091
 -125.87878788 -125.84848485 -125.81818182 -125.78787879 -125.75757576
 -125.72727273 -125.6969697  -125.66666667 -125.63636364 -125.60606061
 -125.57575758 -125.54545455 -125.51515152 -125.48484848 -125.45454545
 -125.42424242 -125.39393939 -125.36363636 -125.33333333 -125.3030303
 -125.27272727 -125.24242424 -125.21212121 -125.18181818 -125.15151515
 -125.12121212 -125.09090909 -125.06060606 -125.03030303 -125.        ]
[ 0.1         0.10476158  0.10974988  0.1149757   0.12045035  0.12618569
  0.13219411  0.13848864  0.14508288  0.15199111  0.15922828  0.16681005
  0.17475284  0.18307383  0.19179103  0.2009233   0.21049041  0.22051307
  0.23101297  0.24201283  0.25353645  0.26560878  0.27825594  0.29150531
  0.30538555  0.31992671  0.33516027  0.35111917  0.36783798  0.38535286
  0.40370173  0.42292429  0.44306215  0.46415888  0.48626016  0.5094138
  0.53366992  0.55908102  0.58570208  0.61359073  0.64280731  0.67341507
  0.70548023  0.7390722   0.77426368  0.81113083  0.84975344  0.89021509
  0.93260335  0.97700996  1.02353102  1.07226722  1.12332403  1.17681195
  1.23284674  1.29154967  1.35304777  1.41747416  1.48496826  1.55567614
  1.62975083  1.70735265  1.78864953  1.87381742  1.96304065  2.05651231
  2.15443469  2.25701972  2.36448941  2.47707636  2.59502421  2.71858824
  2.84803587  2.98364724  3.12571585  3.27454916  3.43046929  3.59381366
  3.76493581  3.94420606  4.1320124   4.32876128  4.53487851  4.75081016
  4.97702356  5.21400829  5.46227722  5.72236766  5.9948425   6.28029144
  6.57933225  6.8926121   7.22080902  7.56463328  7.92482898  8.30217568
  8.69749003  9.11162756  9.54548457 10.        ]


# time vectors
x_t = np.linspace(0,100,N+1)
dt=x_t[1]
print(dt)
1.0

Indexer les tableaux NumPy

L’accès aux éléments individuels se fait avec des crochets []. Le premier élément est indexé à 0, le dernier à -1.

arr = np.arange(5)

# Access the first element (index 0)
element = arr[0]
print(element)  # Output: 0

# Access the fourth element (index 3)
element = arr[3]
print(element)  # Output: 3

# Access the last element (index 4)
element = arr[4]
print(element)  # Output: 4

# Access the last element with negative indexing
element = arr[-1]
print(element)  # Output: 4
0
3
4
4

Découpage (slicing)

On peut découper les tableaux avec la syntaxe de base start:stop:step :

x=np.arange(10)
print(x)
[0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]

# slice with a step: every second element from index 2 up to (but not including) index 10
x1 = x[2:10:2]
print(x1)
[2 4 6 8]

Créez un tableau qui sélectionne un élément sur deux

# answer here

Créez un tableau avec les indices en ordre inversé :

# answer here
# note: x[10:0:-1] counts down from index 9 but stops before index 0, so the first element is dropped;
# x[::-1] reverses the full array
x[10:0:-1]
array([9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1])

2.2 Tracer avec Matplotlib

Quelques conseils de Software-Carpentry

  • Assurez-vous que votre texte est assez grand pour être lu. Utilisez le paramètre fontsize dans xlabel, ylabel, title et legend, et tick_params avec labelsize pour agrandir la taille des nombres sur vos axes.

  • De même, rendez les éléments de vos graphiques faciles à voir. Utilisez s pour agrandir les marqueurs de vos nuages de points et linewidth pour épaissir les lignes de vos tracés.

  • Utiliser la couleur (et rien d’autre) pour distinguer les éléments d’un graphique le rendra illisible pour toute personne daltonienne, ou qui n’a qu’une imprimante noir et blanc au bureau. Pour les lignes, le paramètre linestyle permet d’employer différents types de lignes. Pour les nuages de points, marker change la forme des points. En cas de doute sur vos couleurs, Coblis ou Color Oracle simulent l’apparence de vos graphiques pour les personnes daltoniennes.

# make the plots appear in the notebook
%matplotlib inline 
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# import matplotlib.pylab as pylab

# set default parameters
params = {'legend.fontsize': 14, \
          'xtick.labelsize':14, \
          'ytick.labelsize':14, \
          'font.size':14}
plt.rcParams.update(params)
fig, (ax1,ax2) = plt.subplots(1,2, figsize=(10,5))  # 
ax1.plot(x_t,'.') # plot the vector x_t
ax2.plot(x_tl,'r.');ax2.set_yscale('log') # plot the vector x_tl in red and log scale
ax2.set_xlabel('Index of vector') # set the x-axis label
ax1.set_xlabel('Index of vector') # set the x-axis label
ax2.set_ylabel('Time (s)') # set the y-axis label
ax1.set_ylabel('Time (s)') # set the y-axis label
ax1.set_title('My first plot!')
ax2.set_title('My second plot!') ; 
plt.tight_layout()
ax1.grid(True)
ax2.grid(True)
<Figure size 1000x500 with 2 Axes>

2.3 Tableaux aléatoires

Les tableaux synthétiques tirés de distributions statistiques servent à tester du code et à bâtir l’intuition sur les données réelles. L’idiome NumPy moderne consiste à créer une seule fois un générateur aléatoire avec np.random.default_rng(seed) puis à tirer de lui ; la graine (seed) rend les résultats reproductibles.

Plutôt qu’un bruit sans unité, nous tirons des échantillons qui représentent des grandeurs physiques :

  • Uniforme : décalages de calibration de capteurs entre -1 et 1 (unités arbitraires).
  • Gaussienne : bruit de mesure de moyenne nulle et d’écart-type 1.
  • Poisson : comptes journaliers de séismes au-dessus d’un seuil de magnitude dans une région active. Les processus de comptage à taux constant suivent une distribution de Poisson ; ici le taux est de 4 événements par jour.
  • Magnitudes de Gutenberg-Richter : les magnitudes des séismes suivent une loi puissance ; le nombre d’événements de magnitude supérieure ou égale à m décroît comme 10**(-b*m) avec b proche de 1. Le paquet du cours mlgeo_synth fournit un échantillonneur.

Les fonctions statistiques de NumPy : https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/routines.statistics.html

import mlgeo_synth

rng = np.random.default_rng(42)

N=10000 # number of samples
# Uniform distribution: calibration offsets between -1 and 1
x1 = 2*rng.random(N) - 1
# Gaussian distribution: measurement noise, mean 0, standard deviation 1
x2 = rng.standard_normal(N)
# Poisson distribution: daily counts of M>=3 earthquakes, rate of 4 per day
rate = 4
daily_counts = rng.poisson(rate, N)
# Gutenberg-Richter law: earthquake magnitudes, b-value of 1
magnitudes = mlgeo_synth.gutenberg_richter_magnitudes(n=N, b=1.0, m_min=1.0, m_max=8.0, seed=42)
# raw sample series
fig1, (ax1,ax2,ax3,ax4) = plt.subplots(1,4, figsize=(15,5))
ax1.plot(x1);ax1.set_title('Uniform offsets')
ax2.plot(x2);ax2.set_title('Gaussian noise')
ax3.plot(daily_counts);ax3.set_title('Daily quake counts (Poisson)')
ax4.plot(magnitudes,'.');ax4.set_title('Magnitudes (Gutenberg-Richter)')
plt.tight_layout()

# histograms
fig2, (ax11,ax12,ax13,ax14) = plt.subplots(1,4, figsize=(15,5))
ax11.hist(x1,bins=100);ax11.set_title('Uniform offsets')
ax12.hist(x2,bins=100);ax12.set_title('Gaussian noise')
ax13.hist(daily_counts,bins=np.arange(-0.5, daily_counts.max()+1.5));ax13.set_title('Daily quake counts')
ax13.set_xlabel('events per day')
ax14.hist(magnitudes,bins=np.arange(1.0, 8.25, 0.25))
ax14.set_yscale('log')
ax14.set_xlim(1, 8)
ax14.set_title('Magnitudes')
ax14.set_xlabel('magnitude');ax14.set_ylabel('count')
plt.tight_layout()
<Figure size 1500x500 with 4 Axes>
<Figure size 1500x500 with 4 Axes>

L’histogramme des magnitudes utilise un axe des comptes en échelle logarithmique. Sur cet axe, la distribution de Gutenberg-Richter est une droite de pente proportionnelle à -b. Cette droite est le contrôle de cohérence : l’échantillonneur suit bien la loi.

# numpy has built-in functions to calculate basic statistical properties of numpy arrays
print("mean of x1:", np.mean(x1), " std of x1:", np.std(x1))
print("mean of x2:", np.mean(x2), " std of x2:", np.std(x2))
print("mean daily earthquake count:", np.mean(daily_counts))
mean of x1: -0.005756804861331685  std of x1: 0.5764130181203542
mean of x2: 0.01404658670547432  std of x2: 1.0019904766577135
mean daily earthquake count: 4.0142

2.4 Tableaux 2D en NumPy

Nous allons maintenant créer des tableaux 2D aléatoires

N=1000 # number of samples
# Uniform distribution between -1 and 1
x1 = 2*rng.random((N,N)) - 1
# Gaussian distribution with a standard deviation of 1
x2 = rng.standard_normal((N,N))
# Power-law distribution, values between 0 and 1
a=2 # power of the distribution
x3 = rng.power(a, (N,N))
# Poisson distribution with a rate of 4
rate = 4
x4 = rng.poisson(rate, (N,N))

# Pick vmin/vmax to match each distribution so the colorbar reflects the data:
# uniform spans [-1, 1], Gaussian mostly [-3, 3], power law [0, 1], Poisson counts [0, ~12]
fig, (ax1,ax2,ax3,ax4) = plt.subplots(1,4, figsize=(26,4))
im1 = ax1.pcolor(x1, vmin=-1, vmax=1);ax1.set_title('Uniform');fig.colorbar(im1, ax=ax1)
im2 = ax2.pcolor(x2, vmin=-3, vmax=3);ax2.set_title('Gaussian');fig.colorbar(im2, ax=ax2)
im3 = ax3.pcolor(x3, vmin=0, vmax=1);ax3.set_title('Power law');fig.colorbar(im3, ax=ax3)
im4 = ax4.pcolor(x4, vmin=0, vmax=12);ax4.set_title('Poisson');fig.colorbar(im4, ax=ax4)
<Figure size 2600x400 with 8 Axes>
Bonus

Apprenez à lisser/flouter ces tableaux 2D

# use scipy gaussian filtering to smooth the x2 array
from scipy.ndimage import gaussian_filter
x2_smooth = gaussian_filter(x2, sigma=5)
fig, (ax1,ax2) = plt.subplots(1,2, figsize=(12,5))  # 1 row, 2 columns
im1 = ax1.pcolor(x2, vmin=-3, vmax=3);ax1.set_title('Raw');fig.colorbar(im1, ax=ax1)
# smoothing shrinks the spread, so the smoothed field gets tighter color limits
im2 = ax2.pcolor(x2_smooth, vmin=-0.3, vmax=0.3);ax2.set_title('Smoothed (sigma=5)');fig.colorbar(im2, ax=ax2)
<Figure size 1200x500 with 4 Axes>
# check the distributions of both arrays before and after smoothing using histograms to compare
fig, (ax1,ax2) = plt.subplots(1,2, figsize=(10,5))  # 1 row, 2 co
ax1.hist(x2.flatten(),bins=100) # flatten the 2D array to 1D and plot the histogram
ax2.hist(x2_smooth.flatten(),bins=100);
<Figure size 1000x500 with 2 Axes>

2.5 Normes de tableaux

Norme L2L_2 d’un tableau XX :

∣∣X∣∣2=∑iNXi2||X||_2 = \sqrt{\sum_i^N X_i^2} En NumPy, c’est la norme par défaut du module d’algèbre linéaire linalg : np.linalg.norm(X)

Nous pouvons normaliser un tableau et nous nous intéresserons à la dimension selon laquelle le tableau est normalisé.

# define random array: uniform distribution between -1 and 1
x1 = 2*rng.random(N) - 1
# calculate its norm
norm_x1 = np.linalg.norm(x1);print(norm_x1)
# normalize it
x1_norm = x1/norm_x1
# calculate its norm
norm_x1_norm = np.linalg.norm(x1_norm);print(norm_x1_norm)
18.589898293414333
1.0000000000000002

2.6 Mesures de distance

Comparer des données revient souvent à calculer une distance ou une dissimilarité entre les deux données. La similarité équivaut à la proximité de deux données.

Distance euclidienne

Norme L2L_2 du résidu entre 2 vecteurs : la racine carrée de la somme des carrés des différences,

d=∣∣X−Y∣∣2=∑iN(Xi−Yi)2d = ||X -Y||_2 = \sqrt{\sum_i^N \left(X_i - Y_i \right)^2}

En NumPy, c’est la norme par défaut du module d’algèbre linéaire linalg : d=np.linalg.norm(X-Y)

Distance de variation totale

C’est l’équivalent en norme L1L_1 de la distance euclidienne : d=np.linalg.norm(X-Y,ord=1)

Coefficient de Pearson (le coefficient de corrélation)

P(X,Y)=cov(X,Y)std(X)std(Y) P(X,Y) = \frac{cov(X,Y)}{std(X)std(Y)}

P(X,Y)=∑(Xi−mean(X))(Yi−mean(Y)∑(Xi−mean(X))2∑(Yi−mean(Y))2 P(X,Y) = \frac{ \sum{ (X_i-mean(X)) (Y_i-mean(Y)}}{\sqrt{\sum{ (X_i-mean(X))^2 } \sum{ (Y_i-mean(Y))^2 } }} 

# compare 2 vectors:

x2 = rng.standard_normal(N)   # Gaussian distribution
x3 = rng.standard_normal(N)   # Gaussian distribution

# Euclidian distance
d2=np.linalg.norm(x3-x2)
# Total variation distance:
d1=np.linalg.norm(x3-x2,ord=1)
# Pearson coefficient
r = np.corrcoef(x2,x3)[0,1]

# check: the explicit square root of the sum of squared differences matches np.linalg.norm
dist = np.sqrt(np.sum((x3-x2)**2))

print("the three distances are:")
print(d2,d1,r,dist)

plt.plot(x2,x3,'o');plt.grid(True)
plt.xlabel('X2');plt.ylabel('X3')
the three distances are:
45.161318804989996 1137.8655493774831 0.006914382755631018 45.16131880498999
<Figure size 640x480 with 1 Axes>

3. Xarray

3.1 Bases de Xarray

Ce tutoriel a été copié et adapté des tutoriels du paquet Xarray.

Les données géoscientifiques s’accompagnent de métadonnées complexes qui décrivent le sens et le contexte des tableaux de données. Xarray permet d’attacher des métadonnées aux tableaux de données, ce qui facilite le suivi des variables, de leurs unités, des systèmes de coordonnées et d’autres attributs importants. Les données géoscientifiques étant typiquement multidimensionnelles, intégrer des dimensions comme le temps et les coordonnées spatiales permet de manipuler et de transformer les tableaux de données et d’y effectuer des opérations complexes. En particulier, cela simplifie les découpes en temps et en espace, et permet le remaillage (regridding) et l’extraction de sous-ensembles.

Xarray est bien intégré au calcul haute performance, comme Dask, et au stockage : le stockage HPC avec NetCDF et le stockage cloud avec Zarr.

Xarray a été conçu pour faciliter la manipulation des données géoscientifiques.

Les Xarray sont des tableaux multidimensionnels (« tenseurs ») qui peuvent porter plusieurs attributs et dimensions. La structure centrale est le DataArray, le tableau à N dimensions analogue à une pandas.Series. La seconde est le Dataset, une base de données de tableaux multidimensionnelle en mémoire. C’est un conteneur de type dictionnaire de DataArray, l’équivalent du pandas.DataFrame.

Les Xarray se lisent depuis netCDF et depuis Zarr.

Vous trouverez de nombreux tutoriels utiles du projet Xarray, comme celui-ci.

Voici le livre-tutoriel Xarray, qui introduit Xarray des structures de données à la visualisation. De façon générale, Xarray enrobe NumPy et Pandas et se comporte de façon semblable à Pandas. La transition vers Xarray devrait être douce si vous connaissez déjà NumPy et Pandas.

import numpy as np
import xarray as xr
%matplotlib inline
%config InlineBackend.figure_format='retina'
ds = xr.tutorial.load_dataset("air_temperature")
ds
Loading...

Quelles sont les clés / les attributs du jeu de données ?

# what are the key attributes of ds
print(ds.attrs)
{'Conventions': 'COARDS', 'title': '4x daily NMC reanalysis (1948)', 'description': 'Data is from NMC initialized reanalysis\n(4x/day).  These are the 0.9950 sigma level values.', 'platform': 'Model', 'references': 'http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/gridded/data.ncep.reanalysis.html'}

Trouvez deux façons d’afficher les valeurs de l’attribut air

ds["air"]
Loading...
ds.air
Loading...
with xr.set_options(display_style="html"):
    display(ds)
Loading...

Le DataArray a des dimensions nommées :

ds.air.dims
('time', 'lat', 'lon')

et les coordonnées sont conservées dans .coord :

ds.air.coords
Coordinates: * time (time) datetime64[ns] 23kB 2013-01-01 ... 2014-12-31T18:00:00 * lat (lat) float32 100B 75.0 72.5 70.0 67.5 65.0 ... 22.5 20.0 17.5 15.0 * lon (lon) float32 212B 200.0 202.5 205.0 207.5 ... 325.0 327.5 330.0
ds.air.attrs["long_name"]
'4xDaily Air temperature at sigma level 995'

Ajoutez de nouveaux attributs

# assign your own attributes!
ds.air.attrs["who_is_awesome"] = "xarray"
ds.air.attrs
{'long_name': '4xDaily Air temperature at sigma level 995', 'units': 'degK', 'precision': np.int16(2), 'GRIB_id': np.int16(11), 'GRIB_name': 'TMP', 'var_desc': 'Air temperature', 'dataset': 'NMC Reanalysis', 'level_desc': 'Surface', 'statistic': 'Individual Obs', 'parent_stat': 'Other', 'actual_range': array([185.16, 322.1 ], dtype=float32), 'who_is_awesome': 'xarray'}

Les données sous-jacentes sont un tableau NumPy

print(type(ds.air.data))
print(ds.air.data)
<class 'numpy.ndarray'>
[[[241.2  242.5  243.5  ... 232.8  235.5  238.6 ]
  [243.8  244.5  244.7  ... 232.8  235.3  239.3 ]
  [250.   249.8  248.89 ... 233.2  236.39 241.7 ]
  ...
  [296.6  296.2  296.4  ... 295.4  295.1  294.7 ]
  [295.9  296.2  296.79 ... 295.9  295.9  295.2 ]
  [296.29 296.79 297.1  ... 296.9  296.79 296.6 ]]

 [[242.1  242.7  243.1  ... 232.   233.6  235.8 ]
  [243.6  244.1  244.2  ... 231.   232.5  235.7 ]
  [253.2  252.89 252.1  ... 230.8  233.39 238.5 ]
  ...
  [296.4  295.9  296.2  ... 295.4  295.1  294.79]
  [296.2  296.7  296.79 ... 295.6  295.5  295.1 ]
  [296.29 297.2  297.4  ... 296.4  296.4  296.6 ]]

 [[242.3  242.2  242.3  ... 234.3  236.1  238.7 ]
  [244.6  244.39 244.   ... 230.3  232.   235.7 ]
  [256.2  255.5  254.2  ... 231.2  233.2  238.2 ]
  ...
  [295.6  295.4  295.4  ... 296.29 295.29 295.  ]
  [296.2  296.5  296.29 ... 296.4  296.   295.6 ]
  [296.4  296.29 296.4  ... 297.   297.   296.79]]

 ...

 [[243.49 242.99 242.09 ... 244.19 244.49 244.89]
  [249.09 248.99 248.59 ... 240.59 241.29 242.69]
  [262.69 262.19 261.69 ... 239.39 241.69 245.19]
  ...
  [294.79 295.29 297.49 ... 295.49 295.39 294.69]
  [296.79 297.89 298.29 ... 295.49 295.49 294.79]
  [298.19 299.19 298.79 ... 296.09 295.79 295.79]]

 [[245.79 244.79 243.49 ... 243.29 243.99 244.79]
  [249.89 249.29 248.49 ... 241.29 242.49 244.29]
  [262.39 261.79 261.29 ... 240.49 243.09 246.89]
  ...
  [293.69 293.89 295.39 ... 295.09 294.69 294.29]
  [296.29 297.19 297.59 ... 295.29 295.09 294.39]
  [297.79 298.39 298.49 ... 295.69 295.49 295.19]]

 [[245.09 244.29 243.29 ... 241.69 241.49 241.79]
  [249.89 249.29 248.39 ... 239.59 240.29 241.69]
  [262.99 262.19 261.39 ... 239.89 242.59 246.29]
  ...
  [293.79 293.69 295.09 ... 295.29 295.09 294.69]
  [296.09 296.89 297.19 ... 295.69 295.69 295.19]
  [297.69 298.09 298.09 ... 296.49 296.19 295.69]]]

3.2 Extraire des données

Comment extraire des données :

  • indexation par étiquette avec .sel

  • indexation par position avec .isel

ds.air.isel(time=1).plot(x="lon")
<Figure size 640x480 with 2 Axes>

Vous remarquerez que la température de l’air est en kelvins. Nous pouvons la convertir en degrés Celsius en retirant 273,15 et en changeant l’attribut units.

Notez la copie : ds2 = ds ne créerait qu’un second nom (un alias) pour le même jeu de données en mémoire, si bien que modifier ds2 modifierait silencieusement ds aussi ; ds.copy(deep=True) fait une copie indépendante.

ds2 = ds.copy(deep=True)
ds2['air'] = ds2['air'] - 273.15
ds2['air'].attrs['units'] = 'degC'
ds2.air.isel(time=1).plot(x="lon")
<Figure size 640x480 with 2 Axes>

Nous voulons aussi afficher les longitudes vers l’ouest en retirant 360°.

ds2.coords["lon"]=ds2.coords["lon"]-360
ds2.air.isel(time=1).plot(x="lon")
<Figure size 640x480 with 2 Axes>

Affichez la température moyenne

ds2.air.mean("time").plot()
<Figure size 640x480 with 2 Axes>
ds2.sel(time="2013-05")
Loading...
# demonstrate slicing
ds.sel(time=slice("2013-05", "2013-07"))
Loading...
# "nearest indexing at multiple points" (ds2 has the shifted longitudes)
ds2.sel(lon=[240.125-360, 234-360], lat=[40.3, 50.3], method="nearest")
Loading...

3.3 Calculs de haut niveau

  • groupby : regrouper les données en classes et réduire

  • resample : un groupby spécialisé pour les axes temporels. Sous-échantillonne ou sur-échantillonne vos données.

  • rolling : opérer sur des fenêtres glissantes de vos données, par exemple une moyenne glissante

  • coarsen : sous-échantillonner vos données

  • weighted : pondérer vos données avant de réduire

# seasonal groups
ds.groupby("time.season")
<DatasetGroupBy, grouped over 1 grouper(s), 4 groups in total: 'season': UniqueGrouper('season'), 4/4 groups with labels 'DJF', 'JJA', 'MAM', 'SON'>
# make a seasonal mean
seasonal_mean = ds.groupby("time.season").mean()
seasonal_mean = seasonal_mean.sel(season=["DJF", "MAM", "JJA", "SON"])
seasonal_mean
Loading...
# resample to monthly frequency ("ME" = month end)
ds.resample(time="ME").mean()
Loading...
# facet the seasonal_mean
seasonal_mean.air.plot(col="season")
<xarray.plot.facetgrid.FacetGrid at 0x3a9d03770>
<Figure size 1300x300 with 5 Axes>

Nous pouvons sauvegarder les Xarray dans des fichiers NetCDF et Zarr

# write to netCDF
%timeit ds.to_netcdf("my-example-dataset.nc")
!ls -lh my-example-dataset.nc
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/IPython/core/magics/execution.py:172: SerializationWarning: saving variable air with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
  timing = self.inner(it, self.timer)

16.6 ms ± 370 μs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)

-rw-r--r--@ 1 marinedenolle  staff   7.4M Aug 12 09:29 my-example-dataset.nc


%timeit ds.to_zarr(store="./my-example-dataset.zarr",mode="w")
!du -sh ./my-example-dataset.zarr
<magic-timeit>:1: SerializationWarning: saving variable None with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/zarr/api/asynchronous.py:246: ZarrUserWarning: Consolidated metadata is currently not part in the Zarr format 3 specification. It may not be supported by other zarr implementations and may change in the future.
  warnings.warn(
<magic-timeit>:1: SerializationWarning: saving variable None with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/zarr/api/asynchronous.py:246: ZarrUserWarning: Consolidated metadata is currently not part in the Zarr format 3 specification. It may not be supported by other zarr implementations and may change in the future.
  warnings.warn(
<magic-timeit>:1: SerializationWarning: saving variable None with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/zarr/api/asynchronous.py:246: ZarrUserWarning: Consolidated metadata is currently not part in the Zarr format 3 specification. It may not be supported by other zarr implementations and may change in the future.
  warnings.warn(

<magic-timeit>:1: SerializationWarning: saving variable None with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/zarr/api/asynchronous.py:246: ZarrUserWarning: Consolidated metadata is currently not part in the Zarr format 3 specification. It may not be supported by other zarr implementations and may change in the future.
  warnings.warn(
<magic-timeit>:1: SerializationWarning: saving variable None with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/zarr/api/asynchronous.py:246: ZarrUserWarning: Consolidated metadata is currently not part in the Zarr format 3 specification. It may not be supported by other zarr implementations and may change in the future.
  warnings.warn(
<magic-timeit>:1: SerializationWarning: saving variable None with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs

/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/zarr/api/asynchronous.py:246: ZarrUserWarning: Consolidated metadata is currently not part in the Zarr format 3 specification. It may not be supported by other zarr implementations and may change in the future.
  warnings.warn(
<magic-timeit>:1: SerializationWarning: saving variable None with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/zarr/api/asynchronous.py:246: ZarrUserWarning: Consolidated metadata is currently not part in the Zarr format 3 specification. It may not be supported by other zarr implementations and may change in the future.
  warnings.warn(
<magic-timeit>:1: SerializationWarning: saving variable None with floating point data as an integer dtype without any _FillValue to use for NaNs
/Users/marinedenolle/Dropbox/CLASSES/ESS490/curriculum-book/.pixi/envs/default/lib/python3.12/site-packages/zarr/api/asynchronous.py:246: ZarrUserWarning: Consolidated metadata is currently not part in the Zarr format 3 specification. It may not be supported by other zarr implementations and may change in the future.
  warnings.warn(

76.1 ms ± 9.09 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1 loop each)

4.8M	./my-example-dataset.zarr

3.4 Exercice étudiant

  1. Récupérez les données de température de l’air :

Utilisez le jeu de données de température de l’air et extrayez la série temporelle à la latitude et à la longitude de Seattle.

  1. Tracez la série temporelle :

Tracez la série temporelle de température de l’air avec matplotlib.

  1. Ajustez une fonction sinus :

Ajustez une fonction sinus à la série temporelle avec scipy.optimize.curve_fit.

# Latitude of Seattle
lat_seattle = 47.65

# Longitude of Seattle (the dataset stores longitude in degrees East, 0-360)
lon_seattle = 360 - 122.3
# extract the air temperature data at these latitude and longitude
# extract the time series, print its data type, and convert it to numerical values
# plot the data with appropriate labels and legends
# import the curve_fit function from scipy.optimize
# define a function to take the time series data and fit it to a sinusoidal function
#

4. Tenseurs PyTorch

Ce contenu est extrait des supports du paquet PyTorch et de Dive into Deep Learning

La classe tensor de PyTorch est semblable au ndarray de NumPy, avec deux atouts supplémentaires : 1) elle offre la différentiation automatique et 2) elle s’exécute sur CPU et sur GPU.

import torch

Nous pouvons définir un tenseur de base : par défaut, ce sera un tableau 1D (un vecteur) exécuté sur le CPU

x = torch.arange(12, dtype=torch.float32)
x
tensor([ 0., 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., 7., 8., 9., 10., 11.])

Chaque valeur est appelée un element (élément). Nous pouvons extraire la longueur du vecteur avec la méthode numel() (une méthode s’applique avec ()) et son attribut shape s’obtient en appliquant shape

x.numel()
12
x.shape
torch.Size([12])

Nous pouvons redimensionner (reshape) un tenseur et permuter ses dimensions

x.reshape(12,1).shape
torch.Size([12, 1])
x2=x.reshape(3,4)
x2.shape
torch.Size([3, 4])

Nous pouvons créer un tenseur aléatoire

x3=torch.randn(3, 4)

Nous pouvons appliquer des opérations élément par élément sur le tenseur, simplement comme des méthodes. Voici un exemple : la fonction exp appliquée à tous les éléments du tenseur aléatoire x3.

x3.exp()
tensor([[1.6586, 0.4050, 1.1699, 0.9345], [0.1793, 0.2056, 0.1454, 2.3366], [0.2352, 3.6386, 1.2173, 1.4313]])

Nous pouvons manipuler 2 tableaux de même forme

x = torch.tensor([1.0, 2, 4, 8])
y = torch.tensor([2, 2, 2, 2])
x + y, x - y, x * y, x / y, x ** y
(tensor([ 3., 4., 6., 10.]), tensor([-1., 0., 2., 6.]), tensor([ 2., 4., 8., 16.]), tensor([0.5000, 1.0000, 2.0000, 4.0000]), tensor([ 1., 4., 16., 64.]))

Nous pouvons normaliser le tenseur par sa norme L2. Essayez ci-dessous

x = x / torch.linalg.norm(x)
x
tensor([0.1085, 0.2169, 0.4339, 0.8677])

Nous pouvons convertir un tenseur PyTorch en tableau NumPy

a=x.numpy()
print(type(a))
print(type(x))
<class 'numpy.ndarray'>
<class 'torch.Tensor'>

Les tenseurs vivent sur un device (périphérique) : le CPU, un GPU NVIDIA (cuda) ou le GPU des puces Apple Silicon (mps). Un code agnostique au matériel détecte une seule fois le meilleur accélérateur disponible et l’utilise partout. Sur un portable Apple Silicon, cela choisit mps ; sur une machine dotée d’une carte NVIDIA, cuda ; sinon, retour au CPU.

device = "cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "mps" if torch.backends.mps.is_available() else "cpu"
device = torch.device(device)
print(device)
mps

Ci-dessous, nous allons effectuer une régression pour ajuster une fonction sinus

import torch
import math


dtype = torch.float
# reuse the device detected above (cuda, mps, or cpu)
print("running on", device)

# Create random input and output data
x = torch.linspace(-math.pi, math.pi, 2000, device=device, dtype=dtype)
y = torch.sin(x)

# Randomly initialize weights
a = torch.randn((), device=device, dtype=dtype)
b = torch.randn((), device=device, dtype=dtype)
c = torch.randn((), device=device, dtype=dtype)
d = torch.randn((), device=device, dtype=dtype)

learning_rate = 1e-6
for t in range(2000):
    # Forward pass: compute predicted y
    y_pred = a + b * x + c * x ** 2 + d * x ** 3

    # Compute and print loss
    loss = (y_pred - y).pow(2).sum().item()
    if t % 100 == 99:
        print(t, loss)

    # Backprop to compute gradients of a, b, c, d with respect to loss
    grad_y_pred = 2.0 * (y_pred - y)
    grad_a = grad_y_pred.sum()
    grad_b = (grad_y_pred * x).sum()
    grad_c = (grad_y_pred * x ** 2).sum()
    grad_d = (grad_y_pred * x ** 3).sum()

    # Update weights using gradient descent
    a -= learning_rate * grad_a
    b -= learning_rate * grad_b
    c -= learning_rate * grad_c
    d -= learning_rate * grad_d


print(f'Result: y = {a.item()} + {b.item()} x + {c.item()} x^2 + {d.item()} x^3')
running on mps

99 1107.703857421875
199 784.4378051757812
299 556.3580932617188
399 395.4071044921875

499 281.8077392578125
599 201.61524963378906
699 144.9972686767578
799 105.01736450195312

899 76.782470703125
999 56.839561462402344
1099 42.751773834228516
1199 32.798973083496094

1299 25.766761779785156
1399 20.797576904296875
1499 17.285865783691406
1599 14.803932189941406

1699 13.049661636352539
1799 11.809622764587402
1899 10.933013916015625
1999 10.313281059265137
Result: y = -0.040712129324674606 + 0.8527621030807495 x + 0.0070235212333500385 x^2 + -0.09276445209980011 x^3

5. Comparaison de NumPy, Xarray et PyTorch

Fonctionnalité / cas d’usageNumPyXarrayPyTorch
Manipulation de tableaux de baseExcellentBonBon
Dimensions étiquetéesLimitéExcellentLimité
Support des données multidimensionnellesExcellentExcellentExcellent
Intégration à l’apprentissage profondLimitéLimitéExcellent
Accélération GPUAucuneAucuneExcellente
Données géoscientifiques (climat, etc.)Possible mais laborieuxExcellentPossible

Choisir le bon outil pour la tâche

  • NumPy : le meilleur choix pour les opérations numériques de base et la manipulation standard de tableaux.
  • Xarray : idéal pour les jeux de données géoscientifiques multidimensionnels étiquetés, en particulier en modélisation climatique, en télédétection et pour les données spatiales.
  • PyTorch : le meilleur choix pour appliquer des modèles d’apprentissage automatique ou d’apprentissage profond aux données géoscientifiques, surtout avec de grands jeux de données et un besoin d’accélération GPU.

Conversions de tableaux

Tâche :

  • Convertissez le xarray de température de l’air en un tableau NumPy 3D et un tableau PyTorch 3D
  • affichez systématiquement les dimensions
Chapitre 2 — Des données géoscientifiques prêtes pour l'IA
2.4 Exploration et nettoyage d’un DataFrame
Chapitre 2 — Des données géoscientifiques prêtes pour l'IA
2.6 Méthodes de rééchantillonnage